The short version of GSH fits in a sentence. The long version — which is the one that helps — is below.
This page was last updated on 2026-01-07 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Functionally, glutathione supports redox balance by donating electrons and becoming oxidized. It also serves as a cofactor for enzymes such as glutathione peroxidases and glutathione S-transferases. These enzymes participate in peroxide reduction and in conjugation reactions that help process reactive molecules. Separate from antioxidant roles, glutathione can modify protein cysteines through S-glutathionylation, influencing enzyme activity and signaling. Research continues to examine how these chemical roles translate into whole-organism effects.
Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. Its glutamate-cysteine linkage uses the gamma-carboxyl group of glutamate, a feature that resists standard peptidases. The cysteine residue provides a thiol group, which gives the molecule its reducing character. In cells, glutathione is often the most abundant small-molecule thiol, with concentrations varying widely by tissue and compartment. It exists mainly in a reduced form called GSH, while oxidation produces a disulfide-linked dimer called GSSG.
In its reduced form, glutathione carries a sulfhydryl group that can donate electrons. This property lets it act as a major cellular antioxidant and redox buffer. Glutathione peroxidase uses it to reduce hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides, while glutathione reductase regenerates the reduced form using NADPH. The ratio of reduced glutathione to glutathione disulfide is widely used as an indicator of oxidative stress, though the ratio changes with compartment, cell type, and sample handling. Oxidized glutathione can also form mixed disulfides with proteins, affecting their activity.
Glutathione supports detoxification by conjugating reactive electrophiles through glutathione S-transferases. The resulting conjugates are processed and exported, often after further metabolism. It also stores cysteine, transports amino acids across membranes through the gamma-glutamyl cycle, and assists in the maturation of iron-sulfur clusters and some prostaglandins. In plants, animals, and many microbes, the molecule appears in similar roles, but concentrations vary enormously between tissues. Liver, kidney, and red blood cells tend to contain high amounts, while blood plasma contains much less.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Common name | Glutathione (reduced form) | Often abbreviated GSH |
| Chemical class | Tripeptide | Contains glutamate, cysteine, and glycine |
| Molecular formula | C10H17N3O6S | Refers to the reduced form |
| Molar mass | 307.32 g/mol | Calculated for C10H17N3O6S |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder | Typical laboratory-grade solid |
=== Legal status === As of 2011, dezocine is not used in the United States or Canada. It is not commercially available in either of these countries, nor is it offered as a prescribed analgesic for postoperative care. In China however, it is commonly used after surgery.
== Technology == In 2006, it partnered with Dell and Intel to provide development computer systems and technology for its studio. In June 2007, it purchased a Moven motion capture system that uses non-optical inertia technology, to augment its existing Vicon optical motion capture system becoming one of the few independent developers with two in-house motion capture capabilities. In February 2008, it was announced that it had licensed NaturalMotion's Morpheme software.
=== Biosafety and biocontainment === What is most ethically appropriate when considering biosafety measures? How can accidental introduction of synthetic life in the natural environment be avoided? Much ethical consideration and critical thought has been given to these questions. Biosafety not only refers to biological containment; it also refers to strides taken to protect the public from potentially hazardous biological agents. Even though such concerns are important and remain unanswered, not all products of synthetic biology present concern for biological safety or negative consequences for the environment. It is argued that most synthetic technologies are benign and are incapable of flourishing in the outside world due to their "unnatural" characteristics as there is yet to be an example of a transgenic microbe conferred with a fitness advantage in the wild. In general, existing hazard controls, risk assessment methodologies, and regulations developed for traditional genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are considered to be sufficient for synthetic organisms. "Extrinsic" biocontainment methods in a laboratory context include physical containment through biosafety cabinets and gloveboxes, as well as personal protective equipment. In an agricultural context, they include isolation distances and pollen barriers, similar to methods for biocontainment of GMOs.
Peter Benenson (born Peter James Henry Solomon; 31 July 1921 – 25 February 2005) British lawyer, writer, pamphleteer, human rights activist and the founder of human rights group Amnesty International (AI); accepted the Pride of Britain Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2001 though he later rejected and denounced Amnesty International for its criticism of Israel. Benenson was the son of British-born Harold Solomon and Russian-born Flora Benenson, grandson of Russian financier Grigori Benenson (1860–1939); served in Intelligence Corps at the Ministry of Information and worked at Bletchley Park during World War II as a cryptographer. Leila Berg (12 November 1917 – 17 April 2012) was an English children's author, editor and play specialist. She was well known as a journalist and a writer on education and children's rights. Berg was a recipient of the Eleanor Farjeon Award. John Berger, Jewish father, convert to Roman Catholicism, (5 November 1926 – 2 January 2017) English art critic, novelist, painter and poet. Berger's essay on art criticism Ways of Seeing, is known as a foundation text employing deconstruction and feminist prisms of epistemology and ontology, questioning axiomatic assumptions about gender, racial prejudice and Orientalism, whilst introducing and debating prisms of Psychological projection, Reification (Marxism), False Consciousness, Commodity fetishism, Marx's theory of alienation and essentialism. He was a supporter of the Palestinian cause, and, focused on Israel and apartheid, a member of the Support Committee of the Russell Tribunal on Palestine.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Shorter polysaccharides, with 3 to 10 monomers, are called oligosaccharides. A fluorescent indicator-displacement molecular imprinting sensor was developed for discriminating saccharides. It successfully discriminated three brands of orange juice beverage. The change in fluorescence intensity of the sensing films resulting is directly related to the saccharide concentration.
== Prevention == Up to 90% of cardiovascular disease may be preventable if established risk factors are avoided. Medical management of atherosclerosis first involves modification to risk factors–for example, via smoking cessation and diet restrictions. Prevention is generally achieved by eating a healthy diet, exercising, maintaining a normal weight, and not smoking.
=== Brand names === It is marketed under the brand name Rivotril by Roche in Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, China, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Peru, Pakistan, Romania, Serbia, South Africa, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Turkey, and the United States; Emcloz, Linotril, Lonazep, Clotrin and Clonotril in India and other parts of Europe; under the name Riklona in Indonesia and Malaysia; and under the brand name Klonopin by Roche in the United States. Other names, such as Antelepsin, Clonoten, Ravotril, Rivotril, Iktorivil, Clonex (Israel), Paxam, Petril, Naze, Zilepam and Kriadex, are used throughout the world. In August 2021, Roche Australia transferred Rivotril to Pharmaco Australia Ltd.
=== Legal status === Zanidatamab was approved for medical use in the United States in November 2024. In April 2025, the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency adopted a positive opinion, recommending the granting of a conditional marketing authorization for the medicinal product Ziihera, intended for the treatment of adults with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic HER2-positive biliary tract cancer. The applicant for this medicinal product is Jazz Pharmaceuticals Ireland Limited. Zanidatamab was authorized for medical use in the European Union in June 2025.
The journalist and diplomat José Rodríguez Elizondo maintained that from that moment on, a relationship with Peru was consolidated in Chile, inspired by mistrust and prejudice, where the Chileanization carried out by the Patriotic Leagues would be the definitive establishment of mass nationalism, almost Chilean chauvinism, which "led to exalt xenophobic features, fundamentally anti-Peruvian". This perspective, with its nuances, became accessible to many sectors beyond Tarapacá, such as the embarrassing event of Don Ladislao's War, in which accuse of "sold out Peruvian gold" anyone who questioned the action of Minister of War, Ladislao Errázuriz, of mobilizing troops from Santiago to the north, in a farce to attack a fictitious Peruvian enemy, while in reality he wanted the army away from the capital (due to its proximity to the candidate Arturo Alessandri Palma). In addition, innumerable newspapers, starting with the newspapers and magazines of the mainstream press (El Mercurio, El Diario Ilustrado, El Chileno, Zig-Zag and Sucesos), shared a similar idea of the conception of the homeland. In Congress, this thought full of Peruvian-phobic prejudices was personified by the Balmacedista deputy, Anselmo Blanlot, who would end up propagating the idea that the anti-Peruvian violence in the north was truly "imaginary attacks." Peru was seen as barbarism and Chile, it was supposed, light and civilization. Other politicians with anti-Peruvian tendencies were Agustín Edwards Mac-Clure, Víctor Eastman Cox or Rafael Edwards Salas.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Glutathione is a sulfur-containing tripeptide made from glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. It is found in most cells and participates in redox balance and detoxification reactions.
No. It is a tripeptide assembled from three amino acids. The term amino acid applies to the individual building blocks, not to the assembled molecule.
It is present in many tissues, with especially high amounts in liver. Intracellular concentrations are generally much higher than those found in blood plasma.
It is a tripeptide of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine. The glutamate-cysteine bond is unusual because it forms through the gamma-carboxyl group.